EMFACS coders decide whether a group of facial action units are active en masse (i.e., they identify the presence or absence of the putative expression), rather than detecting each action one at a time.
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There is no special training for EMFACS anyone who is trained to use FACS can selectively apply the coding criteria to use EMFACS procedures. This is an example of degeneracy.Īnother version of FACS, called “Emotion FACS” or EMFACS, produces results supporting the classical view. The one-to-one correspondence between particular facial actions and facial expressions is weakened by findings that different combinations of action units can produce similar looking expressions. According to Ekman and colleagues, particular combinations of facial action units are supposed to correspond to emotion-specific expressions, where each expression is created by contracting a specific set of facial muscles. Scientists have created FACS for babies, chimpanzees, macaque monkeys, and even dogs.įACS coders go through rigorous training to learn to identify individual facial action units when they are active, and they must meet certain standards of reliability before they are certified. In 1969, the Swedish anatomist Carl-Herman Hjortsjö developed a formal coding system for facial movements that later became “the Facial Action Coding System” ( FACS) by Paul Ekman and his colleague Wallace Friesen in 1978. So scientists also employ an alternative technique called facial action coding (FACS), in which trained observers laboriously classify a subject’s individual facial movements as they occur.Ī facial movement, called a facial action, can be one muscle contracting or several different muscles contracting together.